The Eternal Azure…Ajrak
Long time ago, there was a king of Sindh, who like any other king, was fond of royal luxuries and used to sleep on a new bedspread everyday. One day, when his servant was about to change the bed sheet, the king stopped him, saying “Aaj Rakh” (keep it today); he had liked it so much. It was a beautiful blue block printed bed sheet that slowly came to be referred to as the one that the king called “Aaj Rakh” and eventually, Ajrakh or ajrak, the magnificent fabric of Sindh and Kutch.
Every craft is associated with innumerable stories about its origin, its essence and about the people associated with it; and through the course of its evolution, it gets intertwined with many more stories, myths and meanings…
The origin of Ajrakh can probably be older than we can imagine. Excavation sites of Indus Valley Civilization give evidence that Ajrakh was possibly one of the oldest printing methods of the Indian subcontinent. The etymology of “Ajrakh” can be traced to the Sanskrit word “a-jharat”, meaning something that does not fade. Since indigo is one of the main colours of this textile, it is possible that Ajrak got its name from “Azrak”, which means “blue” in Arabic.
In the 16th Century, the king of Bhuj brought the Ajrak craftsmen fromSindh to Kutchchh. He chose the village Dhamadka in Kutch for Ajrak printing because of its proximity to the river Saran ,a source of saline water and alum, good for dyeing purposes. Ajrak flourished and became the identity of Maldharis of Kutch, remaining unchanged till the influence of industrial revolution started permeating the villages.
Bright chemical colours and synthetic fabrics swamped the market in the 1940’s, pushing Ajrak printing into a state of dormancy for almost fifteen years before it was revived in the ‘60s by the diligent efforts of a few craftsmen and patrons.
It is not just the long, painstaking process of printing, carefully matching the motif on both sides of the fabric and dyeing in different colourants one by one, but also the fact that all the ingredients used are natural and environment friendly, that makes Ajrakh such a treasure.
Words can’t do justice to the process of Ajrakh printing, where one can see the colours magically appearing in their printed patterns after completion of dyeing. It is a perfected process, unchanged over centuries. The fabric is first treated with Harada, which helps in fixing the colour,then it is printed with lime or gum, where the colour is not required and black for outlines. After printing, the fabric is dyed in indigo, then washed to remove the resist material and dyed in the mordant. Depending on the mordant, the print areas will get their colour, for example, alizarine gives red, henna gives green and rubab gives brown. Printing in remaining areas and dyeing is repeated till all the colours in their full strength are achieved.
“Ajrakh is believed to have the universe, or sky as its theme. Blue symbolizes the sky, red symbolizes twilight and the night is indicated by black. The white geometric motifs interspersed on the fabric are like stars on a dark night.”
The quality of water plays a vital role in the process of Ajrakh printing, from beginning to end. On 26th January 2001, when Gujaratwas hit by a massive earthquake, it not just caused immense damage to lives and property, but also caused changes in the environment. The iron content of Saran River’s water increased, making it unsuitable for Ajrak printing. Half the craftsmen of Dhamadka decided to stay back while the rest moved to a new place and built a village named “Ajrakhpur”. The village, which is still developing is trying to utilize sustainable methods of growth. The craftsmen understand the value of water for the craft, and have built a water-harvesting plant in the village in collaboration with the government; thereby setting an example for others to follow.
The craftsmen have developed many new motifs and colours for the fickle tastes of the modern customer. But the original Ajrakh motifs are still in abundance and the process has been kept intact. Survival of Ajrakh after invasion of quicker and cheaper methods of chemical dyeing only goes on to say that no matter how many new and transient fashions may come, certain traditions have thrived for centuries and will continue doing so.
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